GHAZAL DEFINITIONS AND ELEMENTS

It’s an Arabic word that means “conversing with the beloved.” It developed in Persia in the 10th century AD from the Arabic verse form qasida. A Qasida (Ballad) is a long poem in Urdu, Persian or Arabic which usually describes battles or written in praise of kings; princes or the poet’s patron.

The ghazal made its way to the Indian subcontinent in the 12th century, introduced by Sufi mystics and the sultanates, flourishing in both Persian and later in Urdu. Ameer Khusrau is credited with composing the first ghazal in Urdu, titled "ze-hāl-e-miskīñ."

Traditionally a Ghazal contains minimum 5 couplets and goes up to 15, but typically most Ghazals have around 7 couplets. A sher or couplet in a ghazal is independent from the rest of the couplets in the same Ghazal and can be read alone. The Ghazal, however, may have a common refrain, which provides a link between the couplets.

It's important to remember that just having independent couplets doesn't make any poem a Ghazal. Ghazals have specific characteristics that set them apart in the world of poetry. The ghazal must have a certain structure.

Understanding the structure of Ghazal:

A ghazal should consist of a minimum of 5 couplets or sher. The meter or bahr of each sher within the ghazal should remain consistent. In the first couplet, both verses (misra) should have qaafiya and radeef. In the following couplets, only the second verse contains qaafiya and radeef. The last couplet of the ghazal is called maqta and may contain the pen name (takhallus) of the poet.

Matla: The first sher of a ghazal is called Matla

• Misra-e-uula (the first line): be-qarari si be-qarari hai
• Misra-e-saani (the second line): vasl hai aur firaq taari

Qaafiya: In Urdu, the words that rhyme are known as qaafiya. The rhyming words or qaafiyaa in the aforementioned ghazal are guzari, bhari, tumhari, and be-qarari. Rekhta has developed a Qaafiya Dictionary to assist aspiring poets in finding rhyming words for crafting sher or ghazal.

Radeef: In Urdu ghazal, the repeated words are referred to as radeef. They are employed to either reinforce or evoke emotion. In the aforementioned ghazal, the radeef used is "hai". Since Ghazals don’t have a title, Ghazals are referenced using radeef by poetry connoisseurs.

Bahr: The rhythmic structure of a sher or ghazal is referred to as the Bahr, also known as meter. If a sher or ghazal maintains the same rhythm in all its lines (misra), it is said to be in a specific Bahr. Rekhta's Taqti tool allows readers and poets to check the meter of the ghazal and also literary references of the similar bahr.