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Author : Mohsin Kakorvi, Sauda Mohammad Rafi, Shaikh Ibrahim Zauq

Editor : Mahlaqa Ejaaz

V4EBook_EditionNumber : 001

Publisher : Faisal Talat Publication, Kanpur

Origin : Kanpur, India

Year of Publication : 1975

Language : Urdu

Categories : Poetry, Women's writings

Sub Categories : Qasiida

Pages : 50

Contributor : Saulat Public Library, Rampur (U. P.)

intikhab-e-qasaid

About The Author

Moulavi Mohsin Kakorvi was born on 1837 in a town named Kakori, in Lucknow district. His initial education started at his home where his father Moulvi Abdul Rahim started teaching him. He studied poetry under Hadi Ali Ashk who was a very famous poet of his time.

He passed the exam of high court, and  practiced law in Mainpuri. He was extremely talented right from his childhood. He began is poetry career with 'Ghazals' and 'Masnavis' but later shifted to 'Naatiyaa' genre of poetry and practiced it exclusively for the rest of his life.

He was the great grandfather of Hassan Ahmed Alvi who is the son of Faizan Alavi, presently living in Karachi, Pakistan and just like his father and ancestors he is also extremely interested in reciting naats.

His Kulliyat was published by his elder son Moulvi Nurul Hasan. His Qaseeda "Samt-e-Kaashi se chala jaanib-e-Mathura Baadal" and his masnavi "Charaagh-e-Kaaba" to describe "Shab-e-meraaj" are quite popular even today. His poetic work includes, Fughaan-e-mohsin (1872), Guldasta-e-mohsin (1885), Kulliyat-e-Mohsin (1905), Nazm-e-Dil Afroz etc. Mohsin Kakorvi died on 24 April 1905 in Mainpuri due to illness of diarrhoea.

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Mirza Mohammad Rafi Sauda (1713-1781), son of an aristocrat father who had migrated from Kabul to India for trade, was born in Delhi. He was well provided for to meet the needs of a decent life and lived in comfort. Not attracted by mercantile interests of his family, Sauda found a place of prestige in the court and also among the nobility. He left Delhi when the city fell a prey to misfortune, and went to several places in Uttar Pradesh, before he came to Lucknow. Nawab Asifuddaulah patronised him and rewarded with an annual stipend of rupees six thousand.

Sauda wrote in Persian, before coming to Urdu. John Borthwick Gilchrist, the famous linguist and Indologist, acknowldged rather profusely that he learnt his Urdu from Sauda’s Divaan. The Persian literary tradition helped him acquire a tone and tenor which he adopted to his benefit for writing his poetry in Urdu. He looked at life sportingly, enjoyed his vigour and optimism, and relished the pleasures of life in full measure. He reflected this spirit of broader and brighter apprehensions of life in his poetry with certain ease. Both his Persian and Urdu poetry expressed his maturity of thought and linguistic finesse in these two languages. His ghazals hold close to the tone and tenor of panegyric which he brought to its height. Marked for his vitality of imagination, precise turns of phrases, and compact expressions, he practised various forms of poetry like panegyric, satire, and elegy, and emerged as one of the canonical poets in Urdu.

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Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq, a poet with a strong grasp of Urdu language and idiom, and a master of masters like Mohammad Hassan Azad in prose and Dagh in ghazal, after a period of neglect for a while, is once again showing his mettle to his deniers. In the reign of King Bahadur Shah Zafar, Zauq, who was awarded the title of Malik al-Shu'ara, was considered to be one of the most important poets of his time. But after his death, as times changed, he was rejected as a mediocre poet.

Sheikh Muhammad Ibrahim Zauq's father Muhammad Ramzan belonged to a neo-Muslim Khatri family. His family was far from knowledge and literature. Zauq was admitted to the madrassa of Hafiz Ghulam Rasool. Ghulam Rasool himself was a poet and used the pseudonym Shauq. It was in his company that Zauq developed a passion for poetry. From time to time, he used to revise his early ghazals and the pen-name Zauq was also suggested to him. Sometime later, Zauq entered Maulvi Abdul Razzaq's madrassa. Here his childhood friend Mir Kazim Ali Baqarar was his classmate. Baqarar was Nawab Razi Khan, Vakil Sultani's nephew and Baidar Shah Zafar's special employee. He was only Crown Prince till that time, King Akbar Shah Sani. And, it was through him that Zauq reached the fort.

Poetry is a subtle art and the inclination towards poetry is the proof of the nobility of taste. After reaching the fort, Zauq started attending regular court poetry recitals. Pleased with one of his poems, Akbar Shah Sani addressed him as Khaqani-e-Hind. Soon he became very popular in the city with this appellation. After Sauda, Zauq was recognized as the second greatest Urdu epic writer. The atmosphere of his poems is scholarly, literary and technically admirable. Soon his fame and popularity spread throughout the city. It spread until his teacher Shah Naseer became jealous of him. He used to criticize Zauq's poems but Zauq never cared for him. The public popularity of Zauq was the answer to all the criticisms. From the government of Crown Prince Mirza Abu Zafar (Bahadur Shah) he used to get a monthly stipend of Rs. 4 (remember that at that time Zafar himself had a stipend of Rs. 500 per month) which later became Rs. 100. Despite all wealth and fame, such was his simplicity that despite having many houses, he lived in a small house all his life.
Zauq’s contemporary rivalries with Shah Naseer, Ghalib, and a few others are extensively discussed in various biographical accounts and memoirs. But as far as his poetry concerns, he was a poet of Ghazal. His countless poems have become proverbs to this day and are on the tongues of the people. He has worked with great dexterity and the metaphorical style fills the effect in his poems. Simple language, correctness of idiom and quickness of closure are the common qualities of Zauq’s ghazals. He uses language that is in line with everyday life and does not confuse the listener.

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